It’s good that we are having a national conversation about monarch butterflies whose overwintering numbers in Mexico have, once again, plummeted. The causes are many, with lack of milkweed habitat in the United States a leading player. But in our emotional responses to the loss of a quintessential summer insect, we’re skimming over a much larger conversation we need to be having – what else is vanishing along with the monarch, and why aren’t we doing anything more profound to preserve and create habitat for native ecosystems like prairie, where milkweed once thrived?
Globally, grasslands are the least
protected and most endangered ecosystem. By 2100 the American Great Plains may
lose 77% of its once formidable expanse, a region whose rates of loss equal deforestation of rainforests in Brazil, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Within the
Plains environment are countless species of insect, amphibian, mammal, and plant
that are severely threatened, from lesser prairie chickens to salt creek tiger
beetles to Texas horned lizards to black footed ferrets. The loss of
biodiversity is stunning, and as folks like E.O. Wilson and Elizabeth Kolbert
state, we may be losing thousands of species each year across the planet – some
studies suggest dozens every hour. In fact, Timothy Walker in his book Plant
Conservation: Why It Matters and How it Works, suggests that we may lose nearly
30% of our plant species alone by mid century.
The issue is not about monarch
butterflies, it’s about who we are as a species that has created a world in
which we must garden every corner of earth to ensure each species’ existence.
As climate change begins to hold sway across our landscapes, one wonders where
our ethics rest. Is it ok that the monarchs vanish? What about other species?
How much can be lost before the built-in ecological redundancies that have
spawned our evolution start to slow our own civilization? Without modern
agriculture the planet could only support 30 million humans. We face rising
demand in food to the tune of 14% in coming decades, yet we still farm massive
monocultures that rely on other monocultures, namely honeybees, to sustain them
– 60% of honeybee colonies in the U.S. are needed to pollinate just the almond
crop in California. One third of our food comes from pollinating insects,
and these insects, commonly native bees that are more efficient pollinators
than honeybees, lose their home ground to modern agriculture and suburban
sprawl.
Yet if we planted just a small percentage of fields with native
wildflowers and hedgerows, yields would increase, pests would be mitigated as
beneficial insect predators move in, and we’d be hitting two birds with one
stone – increasing habitat for wildlife and securing our food supply. Studies from Michigan State University regarding blueberry production and the prairie STRIPs program at the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture
show a better way to farm that almost eliminates runoff, topsoil loss, and drastically
cuts a farmer’s chemical and fuel costs. By supporting native pollinating
insects, like any of the 4,000 native bee species, we can also increase seed production and quality.
In Homero Aridjis’ call for a milkweed corridor stretching from Mexico to Canada is a larger call for native
plantings to stretch alongside the milkweed – plants that support 35 times the caterpillars as exotic species. Suburban gardens, city parks, and roadways should
all stop trying to emulate the manicured environment of 19th century
English pastoral design that influenced our largest cultivated crop, lawn, and
instead emulate what gave us our nation’s fertile soil in the heartland. We
need to stop religiously mowing our parks and highway edges, wasting taxpayer
money, emitting greenhouse gases from machines more polluting than most cars,
and find ourselves part of the places we say matter to us – our home, our
country, our human and animal diversity.
At the 11th hour the most
recent farm bill had struck from its provisions a mandate for the federal
government to keep an annual tab on insect pollinator numbers, which would have
forced multiple agencies to address the decline in a group of organisms that
provide hundreds of billions of dollars worth of free agricultural services.
Combine this with a cut in Conservation Reserve Program funding and increased
crop subsidies that encourage plowing up marginal prairie lands, and you have a
bona fide recipe for disaster. It stands to reason that if we so easily allow
monarchs to vanish we have an ethical crisis on hand. So the question is this:
are we willing to plant milkweed and other native insect host and nectar plants
for creatures on which most life is based, and are we willing to accept that
these organisms are valuable beyond beauty, beyond function, and exist with a
purpose as profound, unique, and multifaceted as our own? There’s as much at
stake out there in nature, what’s left of it, as there is inside of us. The
loss of monarchs is an ethical and even moral hurdle that we must face with a
humble determination like that of this iconic butterfly – an insect whose life
has spawned art and culture and now a call to live better on this incredible
planet.
